| IED ID | IndEnz0002002498 |
| Enzyme Type ID | protease002498 |
| Protein Name |
High mobility group protein B2 High mobility group protein 2 HMG-2 |
| Gene Name | HMGB2 HMG2 |
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Taxonomic Lineage | cellular organisms Eukaryota Opisthokonta Metazoa Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Teleostomi Euteleostomi Sarcopterygii Dipnotetrapodomorpha Tetrapoda Amniota Mammalia Theria Eutheria Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Primates Haplorrhini Simiiformes Catarrhini Hominoidea (apes) Hominidae (great apes) Homininae Homo Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Enzyme Sequence | MGKGDPNKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDSSVNFAEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKSKFEDMAKSDKARYDREMKNYVPPKGDKKGKKKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEHRPKIKSEHPGLSIGDTAKKLGEMWSEQSAKDKQPYEQKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKSEAGKKGPGRPTGSKKKNEPEDEEEEEEEEDEDEEEEDEDEE |
| Enzyme Length | 209 |
| Uniprot Accession Number | P26583 |
| Absorption | |
| Active Site | |
| Activity Regulation | |
| Binding Site | |
| Calcium Binding | |
| catalytic Activity | |
| DNA Binding | DNA_BIND 9..79; /note=HMG box 1; /evidence=ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00267; DNA_BIND 95..163; /note=HMG box 2; /evidence=ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00267 |
| EC Number | |
| Enzyme Function | FUNCTION: Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes. Binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity (PubMed:7797075, PubMed:11909973, PubMed:19522541, PubMed:18413230, PubMed:19965638, PubMed:20123072). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). In the extracellular compartment acts as a chemokine. Promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells implicating AGER/RAGE (PubMed:19811285). Has antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues (PubMed:23877675). Involved in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus coupled with proinflammatory activity (By similarity). Involved in modulation of neurogenesis probably by regulation of neural stem proliferation (By similarity). Involved in articular cartilage surface maintenance implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09429, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P30681, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11909973, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18413230, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19522541, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811285, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19965638, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23877675, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7797075, ECO:0000305|PubMed:20123072}. |
| Temperature Dependency | |
| PH Dependency | |
| Pathway | |
| nucleotide Binding | |
| Features | Chain (1); Compositional bias (3); DNA binding (2); Disulfide bond (1); Modified residue (11); Region (3); Sequence conflict (1) |
| Keywords | Acetylation;Chemotaxis;Chromosome;Cytoplasm;DNA recombination;DNA-binding;Disulfide bond;Immunity;Inflammatory response;Innate immunity;Nucleus;Oxidation;Phosphoprotein;Reference proteome;Repeat;Secreted;Transcription;Transcription regulation |
| Interact With | Q8N668; Q9BRT3; Q9NZM5; P55347; Q96I87; Q96B54 |
| Induction | |
| Subcellular Location | SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11909973, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12925773, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23877675}. Chromosome {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12925773}. Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11909973, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23877675}. Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811285, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23877675}. Note=In basal state predominantly nuclear. {ECO:0000305}. |
| Modified Residue | MOD_RES 3; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159; MOD_RES 23; /note=Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H); alternate; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159; MOD_RES 30; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0007744|PubMed:19608861; MOD_RES 35; /note=Phosphoserine; /evidence=ECO:0007744|PubMed:23186163; MOD_RES 43; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158; MOD_RES 45; /note=Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H); alternate; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159; MOD_RES 90; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158; MOD_RES 100; /note=Phosphoserine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09429; MOD_RES 106; /note=Cysteine sulfonic acid (-SO3H); /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159; MOD_RES 114; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P30681; MOD_RES 141; /note=N6-acetyllysine; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158 |
| Post Translational Modification | PTM: Reduction/oxidation of cysteine residues Cys-23, Cys-45 and Cys-106 and a possible intramolecular disulfide bond involving Cys-23 and Cys-45 give rise to different redox forms with specific functional activities in various cellular compartments: 1- fully reduced HMGB2 (HMGB2C23hC45hC106h), 2- disulfide HMGB2 (HMGB2C23-C45C106h) and 3- sulfonyl HMGB2 (HMGB2C23soC45soC106so). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09429, ECO:0000305|PubMed:24531895}.; PTM: Acetylation enhances nucleosome binding and chromation remodeling activity. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19522541}. |
| Signal Peptide | |
| Structure 3D | |
| Cross Reference PDB | - |
| Mapped Pubmed ID | 10713148; 11748232; 12062430; 12555809; 14739282; 15833996; 17353931; 17406091; 17964600; 18239742; 18283539; 18850631; 19139395; 19223331; 19236006; 19369647; 19505873; 19738201; 20036050; 20195357; 20711500; 20851854; 21890638; 22623428; 22644337; 23143110; 23255232; 23487458; 23828241; 23902751; 24684392; 25060178; 25284587; 25327479; 25416956; 25937287; 26496610; 26638075; 26752685; 27799366; 27863459; 28069585; 28183701; 28851665; 28916968; 29463261; 29487276; 30119172; 30296520; 30657566; 31209930; 31557418; 31621076; 31661640; 32075966; 32391592; 32432736; 33076532; 34680084; |
| Motif | |
| Gene Encoded By | |
| Mass | 24,034 |
| Kinetics | |
| Metal Binding | |
| Rhea ID | |
| Cross Reference Brenda |