| IED ID | IndEnz0002005891 |
| Enzyme Type ID | protease005891 |
| Protein Name |
Caspase-6 CASP-6 CSP-6 EC 3.4.22.59 Apoptotic protease Mch-2 Cleaved into: Caspase-6 subunit p18 Caspase-6 subunit p20 ; Caspase-6 subunit p11 Caspase-6 subunit p10 |
| Gene Name | CASP6 MCH2 |
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Taxonomic Lineage | cellular organisms Eukaryota Opisthokonta Metazoa Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Teleostomi Euteleostomi Sarcopterygii Dipnotetrapodomorpha Tetrapoda Amniota Mammalia Theria Eutheria Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Primates Haplorrhini Simiiformes Catarrhini Hominoidea (apes) Hominidae (great apes) Homininae Homo Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Enzyme Sequence | MSSASGLRRGHPAGGEENMTETDAFYKREMFDPAEKYKMDHRRRGIALIFNHERFFWHLTLPERRGTCADRDNLTRRFSDLGFEVKCFNDLKAEELLLKIHEVSTVSHADADCFVCVFLSHGEGNHIYAYDAKIEIQTLTGLFKGDKCHSLVGKPKIFIIQACRGNQHDVPVIPLDVVDNQTEKLDTNITEVDAASVYTLPAGADFLMCYSVAEGYYSHRETVNGSWYIQDLCEMLGKYGSSLEFTELLTLVNRKVSQRRVDFCKDPSAIGKKQVPCFASMLTKKLHFFPKSN |
| Enzyme Length | 293 |
| Uniprot Accession Number | P55212 |
| Absorption | |
| Active Site | ACT_SITE 121; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:30420425"; ACT_SITE 163; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:16123779, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19133298, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19694615, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20890311, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28864531, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30420425" |
| Activity Regulation | ACTIVITY REGULATION: During activation, the N-terminal disordered prodomain is removed by cleavage (PubMed:8900201, PubMed:8663580, PubMed:19133298, PubMed:28864531). Concomitantly, double cleavage gives rise to a large 18-kDa and a small 11-kDa subunit (PubMed:8663580, PubMed:19133298). The two large and two small subunits then assemble to form the active CASP6 complex (PubMed:8663580). Can be cleaved and activated by different caspases, depending on the context (PubMed:9463409, PubMed:19133298). Cleaved and activated by caspase-8 (CASP8) and subsequently by caspase-3 (CASP3) (PubMed:9463409). Can also undergo autoactivation by mediating autocleavage at Asp-179 and Asp-193, while it is not able to cleave its N-terminal disordered prodomain (PubMed:19133298, PubMed:28864531). Intramolecular cleavage at Asp-193 is a prerequisite for CASP6 self-activation (PubMed:20890311, PubMed:28864531). Cleaved and activated by CASP1 in neurons, possibly in the context of inflammation (PubMed:16123779). Phosphorylation at Ser-257 inhibits autocleavage, preventing caspase activation (PubMed:15273717, PubMed:32029622, PubMed:22433863, PubMed:22483120). Specifically inhibited by compound 3 (benzyloxycarbonyl (Z)-VEID-tetrafluorophenoxymethyl ketone) (PubMed:23227217). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15273717, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16123779, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19133298, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20890311, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22433863, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22483120, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23227217, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28864531, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32029622, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8663580, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8900201, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9463409}. |
| Binding Site | |
| Calcium Binding | |
| catalytic Activity | CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Reaction=Strict requirement for Asp at position P1 and has a preferred cleavage sequence of Val-Glu-His-Asp-|-.; EC=3.4.22.59; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:19133298, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19694615, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30420425, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32029622}; |
| DNA Binding | |
| EC Number | 3.4.22.59 |
| Enzyme Function | FUNCTION: Cysteine protease that plays essential roles in programmed cell death, axonal degeneration, development and innate immunity (PubMed:8663580, PubMed:19133298, PubMed:22858542, PubMed:28864531, PubMed:30420425, PubMed:32298652). Acts as a non-canonical executioner caspase during apoptosis: localizes in the nucleus and cleaves the nuclear structural protein NUMA1 and lamin A/LMNA thereby inducing nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation (PubMed:8663580, PubMed:9463409, PubMed:11953316, PubMed:17401638). Lamin-A/LMNA cleavage is required for chromatin condensation and nuclear disassembly during apoptotic execution (PubMed:11953316). Acts as a regulator of liver damage by promoting hepatocyte apoptosis: in absence of phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), catalyzes cleavage of BID, leading to cytochrome c release, thereby participating in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (PubMed:32029622). Cleaves PARK7/DJ-1 in cells undergoing apoptosis (By similarity). Involved in intrinsic apoptosis by mediating cleavage of RIPK1 (PubMed:22858542). Furthermore, cleaves many transcription factors such as NF-kappa-B and cAMP response element-binding protein/CREBBP (PubMed:10559921, PubMed:14657026). Cleaves phospholipid scramblase proteins XKR4 and XKR9 (By similarity). In addition to apoptosis, involved in different forms of programmed cell death (PubMed:32298652). Plays an essential role in defense against viruses by acting as a central mediator of the ZBP1-mediated pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis), independently of its cysteine protease activity (PubMed:32298652). PANoptosis is a unique inflammatory programmed cell death, which provides a molecular scaffold that allows the interactions and activation of machinery required for inflammasome/pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis (PubMed:32298652). Mechanistically, interacts with RIPK3 and enhances the interaction between RIPK3 and ZBP1, leading to ZBP1-mediated inflammasome activation and cell death (PubMed:32298652). Plays an essential role in axon degeneration during axon pruning which is the remodeling of axons during neurogenesis but not apoptosis (By similarity). Regulates B-cell programs both during early development and after antigen stimulation (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O08738, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10559921, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11953316, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14657026, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17401638, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19133298, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22858542, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28864531, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30420425, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32029622, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32298652, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8663580, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9463409}. |
| Temperature Dependency | |
| PH Dependency | |
| Pathway | |
| nucleotide Binding | |
| Features | Active site (2); Alternative sequence (1); Beta strand (17); Chain (2); Helix (8); Lipidation (2); Modified residue (2); Mutagenesis (12); Natural variant (3); Propeptide (2); Region (3); Sequence conflict (1); Turn (4) |
| Keywords | 3D-structure;Alternative splicing;Apoptosis;Autocatalytic cleavage;Cytoplasm;Hydrolase;Lipoprotein;Nucleus;Palmitate;Phosphoprotein;Protease;Reference proteome;Thiol protease;Zymogen |
| Interact With | Q9Y614; Q6DHV7-2; Q6UY14-3; Q96MA6; Q5T2L2; Q96Q83-2; Q9Y303-2; Q9NU02; Q6LES2; P06727; Q8WW27; Q66PJ3-4; Q6XD76; P18848; Q9H0Y0; Q14032; P54687-4; P06276; Q9NSI6-4; Q96Q07-2; Q9H0W9-3; Q9NQ89; Q13901; Q3SXR2; Q8N1A6; P17655; P20807-4; P42574; Itself; Q5JTY5; O00257-3; P24863; Q9NNX6-10; Q9UJX2; P42773; O95674; Q494V2-2; Q8WUX9; Q9Y3D0; Q8N365; Q99966; P09496-2; Q6PJW8-3; Q96BR5; P02458-1; Q9UGL9; Q9UKG9-2; P26998; P35222; Q53TN4; P61962; O60479; Q96EY1-3; Q92782-2; Q9BPU6; A0AVK6; Q658K8; O00303; Q13347; O00472; O00423; Q6NXG1-3; Q49AJ0-4; Q8N128-2; Q8IZU1; Q6ZNL6; Q9NSA1; Q06547-3; Q49A26-4; Q9HAV0; Q6NXT2; Q9BT25; Q9NRZ9-6; Q96EW2-2; P42858; Q8N6M8-2; Q92613; P0C870; Q9UK76; Q8N5Z5; Q8TBB5-2; Q9UH77; Q8N4N3-2; Q5JUW0-3; Q8N1A0; P13473-2; Q6DKI2; Q9H2C1; Q8N0U6; Q9Y234; Q8TBB1; Q1L5Z9; Q96JB6; Q16609; Q8IYG6; P0DP58-2; Q969L2; P27338; A6NJ78-4; Q96C03-3; Q8N5J2-3; A0A0A0MR05; P34949-2; Q9BV20; Q6IN84-2; A2RUH7; P01106; Q9H7X0; Q15742-2; Q9UJ70-2; Q8NDH3-5; Q96HA8; P36639-4; Q8NFH4; Q8NFH3; Q7Z3B4; Q3SX64; Q6N063-2; Q6GQQ9-2; Q9H8K7; Q99447; P27815-4; O15534; Q9BUL5; Q00169; P48739; P61925; Q58EX7-2; O60664; Q14181; P0DPB6; P36954; Q07869; O60927; Q6ZMI0-5; P54619; Q8NCQ7-2; P41222; P29074; Q8WUD1-2; Q5R372-9; Q9HD47-3; Q09028; Q04206; P47804-3; Q15382; Q06587; Q8N5U6; P62701; Q66K80; Q01826; O15126; P22307-3; Q9BRK5; Q9NTN9-3; P01011; Q15393; Q9NR46; Q9BZQ2; O60902-3; Q86US8; P37840; Q96H20; Q13573; Q7Z6I5; Q496A3; Q9C004; Q5W111-2; Q96BD6; Q92797-2; O60506-4; O15273; Q86WV5; Q96A09; P54274-2; P22735; O43548; Q9NQ88; Q9UIK5-2; Q53NU3; P04637; Q12888; P36406; Q86WT6-2; Q13885; P49459; Q9P1Q0-4; Q9NX94; Q8NA23-2; Q9BQA1; O00755; O95070; O43829; Q8IWT0-2; Q53FD0-2; Q05CR2; Q96JL9-2; Q96LX8; Q3KNS6-3; A0A384MDV8; B7Z3E8; Q86V28 |
| Induction | |
| Subcellular Location | SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27911442}. Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27911442}. |
| Modified Residue | MOD_RES 79; /note="Phosphoserine"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O08738"; MOD_RES 257; /note="Phosphoserine; by NUAK1 and AMPK"; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15273717, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22483120, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32029622" |
| Post Translational Modification | PTM: Phosphorylated by NUAK1; phosphorylation inhibits self-activation (PubMed:15273717, PubMed:22483120). Phosphorylation at Ser-257 by AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) inhibits autocleavage, preventing caspase activation, thereby preventing hepatocyte apoptosis (PubMed:32029622). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15273717, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22483120, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32029622}.; PTM: Palmitoylation by ZDHHC17 blocks dimerization and subsequent activation, leading to inhibit the cysteine protease activity. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27911442}.; PTM: Can be cleaved and activated by different caspases, depending on the context (PubMed:19133298, PubMed:28864531). Cleaved and activated by caspase-8 (CASP8) and subsequently by caspase-3 (CASP3) (PubMed:9463409). Can also undergo autoactivation by mediating autocleavage at Asp-179 and Asp-193, while it is not able to cleave its N-terminal disordered prodomain (PubMed:19133298, PubMed:28864531). Cleaved and activated by CASP1, possibly in the context of inflammation (PubMed:16123779). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16123779, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19133298, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28864531, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9463409}. |
| Signal Peptide | |
| Structure 3D | X-ray crystallography (25) |
| Cross Reference PDB | 2WDP; 3K7E; 3NKF; 3NR2; 3OD5; 3P45; 3P4U; 3QNW; 3S70; 3S8E; 3V6L; 3V6M; 4EJF; 4FXO; 4HVA; 4IYR; 4N5D; 4N6G; 4N7J; 4N7M; 4NBK; 4NBL; 4NBN; 6DEU; 6DEV; |
| Mapped Pubmed ID | 10469173; 11463840; 12089322; 12145703; 15280469; 15321985; 15356202; 15511269; 15654952; 16135563; 16169070; 16518869; 16948818; 16977583; 17392160; 18154733; 18155731; 18408014; 18445618; 18497562; 18762957; 18820706; 18946722; 19022247; 19052714; 19219602; 19269008; 19414860; 19773279; 19897582; 19915487; 20332099; 20402676; 20427671; 20437871; 20606168; 20661084; 20682790; 20702410; 20855536; 21098228; 21111746; 21317160; 21621544; 21820899; 21900206; 21912678; 21936563; 21988832; 22683611; 22891250; 23305266; 23402898; 24058506; 24259468; 24265764; 24363090; 24419379; 24553140; 24727569; 24810717; 25241761; 25416956; 26505998; 26908611; 27633091; 27931265; 28659495; 28726391; 29535332; 30940883; 33649324; 34135352; 8655646; 8978814; |
| Motif | |
| Gene Encoded By | |
| Mass | 33,310 |
| Kinetics | |
| Metal Binding | |
| Rhea ID | |
| Cross Reference Brenda | 3.4.22.59; |