| IED ID | IndEnz0002016368 |
| Enzyme Type ID | protease016368 |
| Protein Name |
Amyloid-beta precursor protein ABPP APP Alzheimer disease amyloid A4 protein homolog Alzheimer disease amyloid protein Amyloid precursor protein Amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein Amyloid-beta A4 protein Amyloidogenic glycoprotein AG Cleaved into: N-APP; Soluble APP-alpha S-APP-alpha ; Soluble APP-beta S-APP-beta ; C99 Beta-secretase C-terminal fragment Beta-CTF ; Amyloid-beta protein 42 Abeta42 Beta-APP42 ; Amyloid-beta protein 40 Abeta40 Beta-APP40 ; C83 Alpha-secretase C-terminal fragment Alpha-CTF ; P3 42 ; P3 40 ; C80; Gamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 59 Gamma-CTF 59 ; Gamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 57 Gamma-CTF 57 ; Gamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 50 Gamma-CTF 50 ; C31 |
| Gene Name | App A4 AD1 |
| Organism | Rattus norvegicus (Rat) |
| Taxonomic Lineage | cellular organisms Eukaryota Opisthokonta Metazoa Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Teleostomi Euteleostomi Sarcopterygii Dipnotetrapodomorpha Tetrapoda Amniota Mammalia Theria Eutheria Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Glires (Rodents and rabbits) Rodentia Myomorpha (mice and others) Muroidea Muridae Murinae Rattus Rattus norvegicus (Rat) |
| Enzyme Sequence | MLPSLALLLLAAWTVRALEVPTDGNAGLLAEPQIAMFCGKLNMHMNVQNGKWESDPSGTKTCIGTKEGILQYCQEVYPELQITNVVEANQPVTIQNWCKRGRKQCKTHTHIVIPYRCLVGEFVSDALLVPDKCKFLHQERMDVCETHLHWHTVAKETCSEKSTNLHDYGMLLPCGIDKFRGVEFVCCPLAEESDSIDSADAEEDDSDVWWGGADTDYADGGEDKVVEVAEEEEVADVEEEEAEDDEDVEDGDEVEEEAEEPYEEATERTTSIATTTTTTTESVEEVVREVCSEQAETGPCRAMISRWYFDVTEGKCAPFFYGGCGGNRNNFDTEEYCMAVCGSVSSQSLLKTTSEPLPQDPVKLPTTAASTPDAVDKYLETPGDENEHAHFQKAKERLEAKHRERMSQVMREWEEAERQAKNLPKADKKAVIQHFQEKVESLEQEAANERQQLVETHMARVEAMLNDRRRLALENYITALQAVPPRPHHVFNMLKKYVRAEQKDRQHTLKHFEHVRMVDPKKAAQIRSQVMTHLRVIYERMNQSLSLLYNVPAVAEEIQDEVDELLQKEQNYSDDVLANMISEPRISYGNDALMPSLTETKTTVELLPVNGEFSLDDLQPWHPFGVDSVPANTENEVEPVDARPAADRGLTTRPGSGLTNIKTEEISEVKMDAEFGHDSGFEVRHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVMLKKKQYTSIHHGVVEVDAAVTPEERHLSKMQQNGYENPTYKFFEQMQN |
| Enzyme Length | 770 |
| Uniprot Accession Number | P08592 |
| Absorption | |
| Active Site | |
| Activity Regulation | |
| Binding Site | |
| Calcium Binding | |
| catalytic Activity | |
| DNA Binding | |
| EC Number | |
| Enzyme Function | FUNCTION: Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Interaction between APP molecules on neighboring cells promotes synaptogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions (By similarity). Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb (By similarity). Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(o) and JIP. Inhibits G(o)-alpha ATPase activity. Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1 (By similarity). By acting as a kinesin I membrane receptor, plays a role in axonal anterograde transport of cargo towards synapes in axons (By similarity). May be involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV (By similarity). The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1 (By similarity). {ECO:0000250, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; FUNCTION: Amyloid-beta peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Binds transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Rat and mouse amyloid-beta peptides bind only weakly transient metals and have little reducing activity due to substitutions of transient metal chelating residues. Amyloid-beta protein 42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicits inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Also binds GPC1 in lipid rafts (By similarity). {ECO:0000250}.; FUNCTION: Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain.; FUNCTION: The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis. {ECO:0000250}.; FUNCTION: N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6). {ECO:0000250}. |
| Temperature Dependency | |
| PH Dependency | |
| Pathway | |
| nucleotide Binding | |
| Features | Alternative sequence (2); Chain (13); Compositional bias (3); Cross-link (1); Disulfide bond (9); Domain (3); Glycosylation (3); Helix (1); Metal binding (7); Modified residue (11); Motif (3); Mutagenesis (9); Peptide (2); Region (12); Signal peptide (1); Site (12); Topological domain (2); Transmembrane (1); Turn (2) |
| Keywords | 3D-structure;Alternative splicing;Amyloid;Apoptosis;Cell adhesion;Cell membrane;Cell projection;Coated pit;Copper;Cytoplasm;Cytoplasmic vesicle;Direct protein sequencing;Disulfide bond;Endocytosis;Endoplasmic reticulum;Endosome;Glycoprotein;Golgi apparatus;Heparin-binding;Iron;Isopeptide bond;Membrane;Metal-binding;Notch signaling pathway;Nucleus;Phosphoprotein;Protease inhibitor;Proteoglycan;Reference proteome;Secreted;Serine protease inhibitor;Signal;Sulfation;Transmembrane;Transmembrane helix;Ubl conjugation;Zinc |
| Interact With | |
| Induction | INDUCTION: Phosphorylation of mature, glycosylated APP occurs 48-72 hours after treatment of neuronal cells with nerve growth factor which correlates with the timing of neurite outgrowth. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10341243}. |
| Subcellular Location | SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Membrane {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Perikaryon {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10341243}. Cell projection, growth cone {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10341243}. Membrane, clathrin-coated pit {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Early endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Cytoplasmic vesicle {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Note=Cell surface protein that rapidly becomes internalized via clathrin-coated pits. Only a minor proportion is present at the cell membrane; most of the protein is present in intracellular vesicles. During maturation, the immature APP (N-glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum) moves to the Golgi complex where complete maturation occurs (O-glycosylated and sulfated). After alpha-secretase cleavage, soluble APP is released into the extracellular space and the C-terminal is internalized to endosomes and lysosomes. Some APP accumulates in secretory transport vesicles leaving the late Golgi compartment and returns to the cell surface. APP sorts to the basolateral surface in epithelial cells (By similarity). During neuronal differentiation, the Thr-742 phosphorylated form is located mainly in growth cones, moderately in neurites and sparingly in the cell body (PubMed:10341243). Casein kinase phosphorylation can occur either at the cell surface or within a post-Golgi compartment. Associates with GPC1 in perinuclear compartments. Colocalizes with SORL1 in a vesicular pattern in cytoplasm and perinuclear regions (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10341243}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [C83]: Endoplasmic reticulum {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Golgi apparatus {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. Early endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [C99]: Early endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Amyloid-beta protein 42]: Cell surface. Note=Associates with FPR2 at the cell surface and the complex is then rapidly internalized. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Gamma-secretase C-terminal fragment 59]: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Note=Located to both the cytoplasm and nuclei of neurons. It can be translocated to the nucleus through association with APBB1 (Fe65) (By similarity). In dopaminergic neurons, the phosphorylated Thr-743 form is localized to the nucleus (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P12023}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Soluble APP-beta]: Secreted {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. |
| Modified Residue | MOD_RES 198; /note="Phosphoserine; by CK2"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067"; MOD_RES 206; /note="Phosphoserine; by CK1"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067"; MOD_RES 217; /note="Sulfotyrosine"; /evidence="ECO:0000255"; MOD_RES 262; /note="Sulfotyrosine"; /evidence="ECO:0000255"; MOD_RES 336; /note="Sulfotyrosine"; /evidence="ECO:0000255"; MOD_RES 441; /note="Phosphoserine"; /evidence="ECO:0007744|PubMed:22673903"; MOD_RES 497; /note="Phosphotyrosine"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067"; MOD_RES 729; /note="Phosphothreonine"; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9085254"; MOD_RES 730; /note="Phosphoserine; by APP-kinase I"; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10329382, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9085254"; MOD_RES 743; /note="Phosphothreonine; by CDK5 and MAPK10"; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10936190, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9085254"; MOD_RES 757; /note="Phosphotyrosine; by ABL1"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P12023" |
| Post Translational Modification | PTM: Proteolytically processed under normal cellular conditions. Cleavage either by alpha-secretase, beta-secretase or theta-secretase leads to generation and extracellular release of soluble APP peptides, S-APP-alpha and S-APP-beta, and the retention of corresponding membrane-anchored C-terminal fragments, C80, C83 and C99. Subsequent processing of C80 and C83 by gamma-secretase yields P3 peptides. This is the major secretory pathway and is non-amyloidogenic. Alternatively, presenilin/nicastrin-mediated gamma-secretase processing of C99 releases the amyloid-beta proteins, amyloid-beta protein 40 and amyloid-beta protein 42, major components of amyloid plaques, and the cytotoxic C-terminal fragments, gamma-CTF(50), gamma-CTF(57) and gamma-CTF(59). PSEN1 cleavage is more efficient with C83 than with C99 as substrate (in vitro). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; PTM: Proteolytically cleaved by caspases during neuronal apoptosis. Cleavage at Asp-739 by either caspase-3, -8 or -9 results in the production of the neurotoxic C31 peptide and the increased production of amyloid-beta peptides. {ECO:0000250}.; PTM: N-glycosylated. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}.; PTM: O-glycosylated. O-linkage of chondroitin sulfate to the L-APP isoforms produces the APP proteoglycan core proteins, the appicans. The chondroitin sulfate chain of appicans contains 4-O-sulfated galactose in the linkage region and chondroitin sulfate E in the repeated disaccharide region. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11479316}.; PTM: Phosphorylation in the C-terminal on tyrosine, threonine and serine residues is neuron-specific (PubMed:9085254, PubMed:10329382, PubMed:10341243). Phosphorylation can affect APP processing, neuronal differentiation and interaction with other proteins (PubMed:10341243). Phosphorylated on Thr-743 in neuronal cells by Cdc5 kinase and Mapk10, in dividing cells by Cdc2 kinase in a cell-cycle dependent manner with maximal levels at the G2/M phase and, in vitro, by GSK-3-beta (PubMed:10936190). The Thr-743 phosphorylated form causes a conformational change which reduces binding of Fe65 family members (By similarity). In dopaminergic (DA) neurons, phosphorylation on Thr-743 by LRKK2 promotes the production and the nuclear translocation of the APP intracellular domain (AICD) which induces DA neuron apoptosis (By similarity). Phosphorylation on Tyr-757 is required for SHC binding. Phosphorylated in the extracellular domain by casein kinases on both soluble and membrane-bound APP (By similarity). This phosphorylation is inhibited by heparin (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10329382, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10341243, ECO:0000269|PubMed:10936190, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9085254}.; PTM: Extracellular binding and reduction of copper, results in a corresponding oxidation of Cys-144 and Cys-158, and the formation of a disulfide bond. {ECO:0000250}.; PTM: Trophic-factor deprivation triggers the cleavage of surface APP by beta-secretase to release sAPP-beta which is further cleaved to release an N-terminal fragment of APP (N-APP). {ECO:0000250}.; PTM: Amyloid-beta peptides are degraded by IDE. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P12023}.; PTM: Sulfated on tyrosine residues. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067}. |
| Signal Peptide | SIGNAL 1..17; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067 |
| Structure 3D | NMR spectroscopy (2); X-ray crystallography (2) |
| Cross Reference PDB | 1M7E; 1NMJ; 1OQN; 2LI9; |
| Mapped Pubmed ID | 10821917; 11404397; 11743996; 12493564; 12826668; 12843239; 1331676; 14557245; 14615045; 15160315; 15447668; 16118793; 16230335; 17623297; 18568035; 18583042; 18723004; 19334058; 20209079; 20395292; 21290829; 22036569; 22225807; 23761911; 24069330; 24224042; 26972535; 28446186; 28455102; 28836062; 28885995; 28963051; 29174383; 29568075; 29713228; 29908845; 29914798; 30066400; 8097074; 8943215; 8987743; 9144253; 9461550; |
| Motif | MOTIF 344..365; /note=OX-2; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067; MOTIF 724..734; /note=Basolateral sorting signal; /evidence=ECO:0000250; MOTIF 757..762; /note=YENPXY motif; contains endocytosis signal; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067 |
| Gene Encoded By | |
| Mass | 86,704 |
| Kinetics | |
| Metal Binding | METAL 147; /note=Cu(2+) 1; /evidence=ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU01217; METAL 151; /note=Cu(2+) 1; /evidence=ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU01217; METAL 168; /note=Cu(2+) 1; /evidence=ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU01217; METAL 677; /note=Cu(2+) 2; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067; METAL 677; /note=Zn(2+); /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067; METAL 685; /note=Cu(2+) 2; /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067; METAL 685; /note=Zn(2+); /evidence=ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P05067 |
| Rhea ID | |
| Cross Reference Brenda |