| IED ID | IndEnz0005000292 |
| Enzyme Type ID | lipase000292 |
| Protein Name |
Apolipoprotein E Apo-E |
| Gene Name | APOE |
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Taxonomic Lineage | cellular organisms Eukaryota Opisthokonta Metazoa Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Teleostomi Euteleostomi Sarcopterygii Dipnotetrapodomorpha Tetrapoda Amniota Mammalia Theria Eutheria Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Primates Haplorrhini Simiiformes Catarrhini Hominoidea (apes) Hominidae (great apes) Homininae Homo Homo sapiens (Human) |
| Enzyme Sequence | MKVLWAALLVTFLAGCQAKVEQAVETEPEPELRQQTEWQSGQRWELALGRFWDYLRWVQTLSEQVQEELLSSQVTQELRALMDETMKELKAYKSELEEQLTPVAEETRARLSKELQAAQARLGADMEDVCGRLVQYRGEVQAMLGQSTEELRVRLASHLRKLRKRLLRDADDLQKRLAVYQAGAREGAERGLSAIRERLGPLVEQGRVRAATVGSLAGQPLQERAQAWGERLRARMEEMGSRTRDRLDEVKEQVAEVRAKLEEQAQQIRLQAEAFQARLKSWFEPLVEDMQRQWAGLVEKVQAAVGTSAAPVPSDNH |
| Enzyme Length | 317 |
| Uniprot Accession Number | P02649 |
| Absorption | |
| Active Site | |
| Activity Regulation | |
| Binding Site | |
| Calcium Binding | |
| catalytic Activity | |
| DNA Binding | |
| EC Number | |
| Enzyme Function | FUNCTION: APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:14754908). APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:9395455, PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). Apoliproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:2762297, PubMed:9395455). As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) but shows a preferential binding to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (PubMed:6860692, PubMed:1911868). It also binds a wide range of cellular receptors including the LDL receptor/LDLR, the LDL receptor-related proteins LRP1, LRP2 and LRP8 and the very low-density lipoprotein receptor/VLDLR that mediate the cellular uptake of the APOE-containing lipoprotein particles (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:7768901, PubMed:8939961, PubMed:12950167, PubMed:20030366, PubMed:2063194, PubMed:8756331, PubMed:20303980, PubMed:1530612, PubMed:7635945). Finally, APOE has also a heparin-binding activity and binds heparan-sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of cells, a property that supports the capture and the receptor-mediated uptake of APOE-containing lipoproteins by cells (PubMed:9395455, PubMed:9488694, PubMed:23676495, PubMed:7635945). A main function of APOE is to mediate lipoprotein clearance through the uptake of chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs by hepatocytes (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:9395455, PubMed:23676495, PubMed:29516132). APOE is also involved in the biosynthesis by the liver of VLDLs as well as their uptake by peripheral tissues ensuring the delivery of triglycerides and energy storage in muscle, heart and adipose tissues (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:29516132). By participating in the lipoprotein-mediated distribution of lipids among tissues, APOE plays a critical role in plasma and tissues lipid homeostasis (PubMed:2762297, PubMed:1917954, PubMed:29516132). APOE is also involved in two steps of reverse cholesterol transport, the HDLs-mediated transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, and thereby plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis (PubMed:9395455, PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). First, it is functionally associated with ABCA1 in the biogenesis of HDLs in tissues (PubMed:14754908, PubMed:23620513). Second, it is enriched in circulating HDLs and mediates their uptake by hepatocytes (PubMed:9395455). APOE also plays an important role in lipid transport in the central nervous system, regulating neuron survival and sprouting (PubMed:8939961, PubMed:25173806). APOE is also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, controlling for instance the survival of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (By similarity). Binds to the immune cell receptor LILRB4 (PubMed:30333625). APOE may also play a role in transcription regulation through a receptor-dependent and cholesterol-independent mechanism, that activates MAP3K12 and a non-canonical MAPK signal transduction pathway that results in enhanced AP-1-mediated transcription of APP (PubMed:28111074). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P08226, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12950167, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14754908, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1530612, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1911868, ECO:0000269|PubMed:1917954, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20030366, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20303980, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2063194, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23620513, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23676495, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2762297, ECO:0000269|PubMed:28111074, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30333625, ECO:0000269|PubMed:6860692, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7635945, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7768901, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8756331, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8939961, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9395455, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9488694, ECO:0000303|PubMed:25173806, ECO:0000303|PubMed:29516132}.; FUNCTION: (Microbial infection) Through its interaction with HCV envelope glycoprotein E2, participates in the attachment of HCV to HSPGs and other receptors (LDLr, VLDLr, and SR-B1) on the cell surface and to the assembly, maturation and infectivity of HCV viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). This interaction is probably promoted via the up-regulation of cellular autophagy by the virus (PubMed:29695434). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25122793, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29695434}. |
| Temperature Dependency | |
| PH Dependency | |
| Pathway | |
| nucleotide Binding | |
| Features | Beta strand (3); Chain (1); Glycosylation (7); Helix (11); Modified residue (2); Mutagenesis (10); Natural variant (34); Region (7); Repeat (8); Signal peptide (1); Turn (5) |
| Keywords | 3D-structure;Alzheimer disease;Amyloidosis;Cholesterol metabolism;Chylomicron;Direct protein sequencing;Disease variant;Extracellular matrix;Glycation;Glycoprotein;HDL;Heparin-binding;Host-virus interaction;Hyperlipidemia;Lipid metabolism;Lipid transport;Lipid-binding;Neurodegeneration;Oxidation;Phosphoprotein;Reference proteome;Repeat;Secreted;Signal;Steroid metabolism;Sterol metabolism;Transport;VLDL |
| Interact With | Q9UIJ7; Q06481-5; P05067; Q9HBG4; Q9H6J7-2; Q9NUB4; Q16543; P08603; Q9UBD9; Q8IUW6; P26441; Q9H816; Q9BQ95; Q9Y6C2-2; Q3SYB3; Q8IY40; O75409; P00738; Q9BYZ2; P01130; P09382; Q07954; Q14114; Q14114-3; P11137-4; P10636-6; Q9Y3D2; P02795; Q53EL6; Q9NS23-4; P52756; Q6ZNA4-2; Q8WTV0-2; P37840; Q8IUW3; P50502; O75069; Q13829; Q9NZC2; Q6PID6; Q8TBC4; Q9NYH9; P17028; P27958; P10636 |
| Induction | |
| Subcellular Location | SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:2498325, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30333625}. Secreted, extracellular space {ECO:0000269|PubMed:8340399}. Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix {ECO:0000269|PubMed:9488694}. Note=In the plasma, APOE is associated with chylomicrons, chylomicrons remnants, VLDL, LDL and HDL lipoproteins (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:8340399). Lipid poor oligomeric APOE is associated with the extracellular matrix in a calcium- and heparan-sulfate proteoglycans-dependent manner (PubMed:9488694). Lipidation induces the release from the extracellular matrix (PubMed:9488694). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:1911868, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8340399, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9488694}. |
| Modified Residue | MOD_RES 143; /note="Methionine sulfoxide"; /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P08226"; MOD_RES 147; /note="Phosphoserine; by FAM20C"; /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:26091039, ECO:0007744|PubMed:24275569" |
| Post Translational Modification | PTM: APOE exists as multiple glycosylated and sialylated glycoforms within cells and in plasma (PubMed:29516132). The extent of glycosylation and sialylation are tissue and context specific (PubMed:29516132). Plasma APOE undergoes desialylation and is less glycosylated and sialylated than the cellular form (PubMed:2498325, PubMed:19838169, PubMed:20511397, PubMed:23234360). Glycosylation is not required for proper expression and secretion (PubMed:2498325). O-glycosylated with core 1 or possibly core 8 glycans. Thr-307 and Ser-314 are minor glycosylation sites compared to Ser-308 (PubMed:19838169, PubMed:23234360). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19838169, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20511397, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23234360, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2498325, ECO:0000303|PubMed:29516132}.; PTM: Glycated in plasma VLDL of normal subjects, and of hyperglycemic diabetic patients at a higher level (2-3 fold). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10452964}.; PTM: Phosphorylated by FAM20C in the extracellular medium. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26091039}.; PTM: Undergoes C-terminal proteolytic processing in neurons. C-terminally truncated APOE has a tendency to form neurotoxic intracellular neurofibrillary tangle-like inclusions in neurons. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11447277}. |
| Signal Peptide | SIGNAL 1..18; /evidence=ECO:0000269|PubMed:7068630 |
| Structure 3D | X-ray crystallography (15); NMR spectroscopy (5) |
| Cross Reference PDB | 1B68; 1BZ4; 1EA8; 1GS9; 1H7I; 1LE2; 1LE4; 1LPE; 1NFN; 1NFO; 1OEF; 1OEG; 1OR2; 1OR3; 2KC3; 2KNY; 2L7B; 6IWB; 6NCN; 6NCO; |
| Mapped Pubmed ID | !!!TOLONGITDOESNOTFITINEXCELL,NOTREPRESENTABLEINEXCELL!!!; |
| Motif | |
| Gene Encoded By | |
| Mass | 36,154 |
| Kinetics | |
| Metal Binding | |
| Rhea ID | |
| Cross Reference Brenda |